Lysosomes Structure and function animation easy to learn

LYSOSOME

if you read the word
lysosome. It is made from the combination of two words lyso which means
lysis(rupture or breakdown of a cell wall or cell membrane) and some means
body. So lysosome is an organelle which is present in many animals cells. The
lysosome is membrane-bounded organelles which have many hydrolytic enzymes that
have the ability to the breakdown of many biomolecules. Lysosome has lumenal
proteins. Lumenal protein has space between which have the ph 4.5-5 which have
the ability of hydrolysis of any biomolecule. That is why it is also known as a
suicide bag. Lysosomes serve as the control center for cellular clearance.
These membrane-bound organelles receive biomolecules destined for degradation
from intracellular and extracellular pathways; thus, facilitating the
production of energy and shaping the fate of the cell. At the base of their
functionality are the lysosomal ion channels which mediate the function of the
lysosome through the modulation of ion influx and efflux.[1] lysosome is involved
in many cellular processes including secretion plasma membrane repairing cell
signaling and energy metabolism. There are two types of lysosomes; secretory
lysosomes and conventional ones. Conventional lysosomes are involved in the
recycling of various substrates presented to them through endocytosis,
phagocytosis and by autophagosomes. Autophagy is a
tightly-regulated catabolic process that involves the degradation of
intracellular components via lysosomes. Although the pivotal role of autophagy
in cell growth, development, and homeostasis has been well understood, its
function in cancer prevention and intervention remains to be delineated.[2] Lysosome have more then 60 different
types of enzymes and more then 50 membrane proteins. The enzymes of the
lysosome is generated from the rough endoplasmic reticulam. RER synthesized
protein and then transfer to the golgi body to maek it function then released
from the cisternia of the golgi body. If I talk about every protein so there is
a lot of proteins and each protein have different structure and functions. Some
example are CD9 and CD63 belong to a tetramembrane-spanning glycoprotein family
called tetraspanin, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes,
but the structure-function relationship of this family of proteins has yet to
be clarified. CD9 associates with diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR). CD9
upregulates the diphtheria toxin (DT) binding activity of DTR/proHB-EGF, while
CD63 does not upregulate the DT binding activity in spite of the fact that this
protein also associates with DTR/proHB-EGF on the cell surface. CD9
molecules localize on the cell surface, while those of CD63 localize
predominantly at lysosomes and intracellular compartments.[3] Secretory ameloblasts have multiple
functions including the synthesis and resorption of enamel matrix proteins and
calcium transport during enamel formation.[4] the
synthesis  of lysosomal enzyme is
controlled by nuclear genes. If there is mutation in these genes then there
will be change in protein structure and these lysosomal proteins are resposial
for more then 30 different genetic disorder. Which we collectively know is
lysosomal storage disease.

STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION: The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1 μm
to 1.2 μm. With a pH ranging from 4.5–5.0. Lysosomes digest materials
taken into the cell and recycle intracellular materials. Step one shows
material entering a food vacuole through the plasma membrane, a process known
as endocytosis.  In step two a lysosome with an active
hydrolytic enzyme comes into the picture as the food vacuole moves away from
the plasma membrane. Step three consists of the lysosome fusing with the food
vacuole and hydrolytic enzymes entering the food vacuole. In the final step,
step four, hydrolytic enzymes digest the food particles.

LYSOSOMLA
DISEASE: some diseasae which is due to lake of lysosome in
cell.

For examples:
glycogenosis type 2 disease. It is a disease in which the liver and muscles is
filled with glycogen with in membrance bounded organelles. In this disease have
lake of glycogen brackdown enzymes which is present in lysosomes which convert
glycogen onto glucose. Similarly tay –sach’s disease is due to  catabolism of lipids. Storing of lipids in
brain cell cause mental retardation and even death.

If your want to read more about lysosomes and
researches about lysosme then click the link below:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

REFERENCES:

1.            Sterea,
A.M., S. Almasi, and Y. El Hiani, The
hidden potential of lysosomal ion channels: A new era of oncogenes. Cell
Calcium, 2018. 72: p. 91-103.

2.            Zou, M., et al., Beclin 1-mediated autophagy in
hepatocellular carcinoma cells: implication in anticancer efficiency of
oroxylin A via inhibition of mTOR signaling. Cell Signal, 2012. 24(8): p. 1722-32.

3.            Ryu, F., et al., Domain analysis of the tetraspanins: studies
of CD9/CD63 chimeric molecules on subcellular localization and upregulation
activity for diphtheria toxin binding. Cell Struct Funct, 2000. 25(5): p. 317-27.

4.            Sasaki, T., M. Takagi, and T.
Yanagisawa, Structure and function of
secretory ameloblasts in enamel formation. Ciba Found Symp, 1997. 205: p. 32-46; discussion 46-50.